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(Eng) The 100-year war over the Uniform Land Tax Law ๐Ÿ‚

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by ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐š๐๐’๐ข๐ซ๐ข๐ฎ๐ฌ_๐–๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐Ÿ‚ 2023. 3. 23. 12:01

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The 100-year war over the Uniform Land Tax Law

The people must be comfortable for the country to be stable

_the 100-year war over the Uniform Land Tax Law.

During the Joseon Dynasty, peasants are burdened with land taxes(jeonse), labor obligations(sineok), and tribute payments(gongnap).

The most difficult of these is gongnap, which requires each region to offer its unique products.

Bureaucrats often demand things that are not even available in the region.

Traders who pay the gongnap on behalf of the peasants take advantage of them through unfair profits.

They collude with bureaucrats to purchase costly offerings for themselves.

"The reason for the upheaval of the heavens is the resentment of the people," says Kim Yuk.

The tribute is imposed based on the number of households, so both rich and poor pay the same amount.

Even though the number of households and land area varies by village, the imposition criteria are the same.

The Uniform Land Tax Law is based on the amount of land (gyeolsu) owned by each person.

Naturally, wealthy aristocratic landlords oppose it fiercely.

Bureaucrats fear losing their source of profit from plundering.

Traders are anxious about losing their profession altogether.

 

It is first tested in Gyeonggi Province in 1608 (during the reign of King Gwanghae), proposed by Lee Won-ik of the opposition party called Nam In.

It is expanded to Gangwon Province in 1623 (during the reign of King Injo).

Since there are many mountains in Gangwon, opposition from the aristocratic landlords is not significant.

In Jeolla, Chungcheong, and Gyeongsang provinces, where there is plenty of farmland, resistance is intense.

Kim Yuk (1580-1658), the eldest son of Kim Heung-woo, the fourth-generation descendant of Kim Shik, is a political idealist.

"The king's affairs are not more important than making the people comfortable," says Kim Yuk.

In 1638 (the 16th year of King Injo's reign) and 1649 (the first year of King Hyojong's reign), Kim Yuk boldly advocates for the expansion of the Uniform Land Tax Law.

"After the people are comfortable, the country can be stable," says Kim Yuk.

 

The controversy surrounding the Uniform Land Tax Law leads to the formation of two parties: a minority party called the Handang, led by Kim Yuk, who supports the law, and a majority party called the Sandang, led by Song Si-yeol, who opposes it.

In 1651 (the second year of King Hyojong's reign), the Law is expanded to Chungcheong Province.

Song Si-yeol, a follower of Yi Yi, acknowledges that it is a convenient and good system.

In 1658 (the ninth year of King Hyojong's reign), it is expanded to Jeolla Province, in 1666 (the sixth year of King Hyeonjong's reign) to Hamgyong Province, and in 1667 (the seventh year of King Hyeonjong's reign) to Gyeongsang Province.

It is finally implemented in Hwanghae Province in 1708 (the 34th year of King Sukjong's reign), exactly 100 years after its initial proposal in 1608 (the first year of King Gwanghae's reign).

Kim Yuk is the greatest reform politician of the Joseon Dynasty.

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๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์ด ํŽธ์•ˆํ•ด์•ผ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ๋‹ค_๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ• 100๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ.

 

์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ํ† ์ง€์„ธ(์ „์„ธ)์™€ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ์ œ๊ณต(์‹ ์—ญ), ๊ณต๋‚ฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“ ๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๋‚ฉ่ฒข็ด์ด๋‹ค.

 

๊ณต๋‚ฉ์€ ๊ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํŠน์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”์นœ๋‹ค.

 

๊ทธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๋„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์—†์ด ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

๊ณต๋‚ฉ์„ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋‚ฉ์—…์ž๋“ค์€ ํญ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผ๋•€์„ ๊ฐ‰์•„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.

 

์ •๊ฒฝ์œ ์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฒฐํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ณต๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

 

 

“ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋ž€์ด ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์›๋ง์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ํƒ“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค”, ๊น€์œก.

 

๊ฐ€ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์–ด ๋ถ€์ž๋‚˜ ๋นˆ์ž๋‚˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต๋ฌผ์„ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

 

๋งˆ์„์„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ† ์ง€ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋„ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค.

 

๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ•์€ ํ† ์ง€ ๋ฉด์ (๊ฒฐ์ˆ˜)์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด๋‹ค.

 

๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘๋ฐ˜์ง€์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜ํƒˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์›์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋ ต๋‹ค.

 

๋ฐฉ๋‚ฉ์—…์ž๋“ค์€ ์ง์—…์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋…ธ์‹ฌ์ดˆ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค.

 

1608๋…„(๊ด‘ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์›๋…„) ์•ผ๋‹น์ธ ๋‚จ์ธ ์ด์›์ต์˜ ๊ฑด์˜๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜๋œ๋‹ค.

 

1623๋…„(์ธ์กฐ ์›๋…„) ๊ฐ•์›๋„๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

์‚ฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์–‘๋ฐ˜ ์ง€์ฃผ์˜ ํž˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.

 

๋†ํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ผ·์ถฉ์ฒญ·๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋„๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ทน๋ ฌํ•˜๋‹ค.

 

โ€‹๊น€์‹์˜ 4๋Œ€์† ๊น€ํฅ์šฐ์˜ ๋ง์•„๋“ค ๊น€์œก้‡‘ๅ ‰(1580-1658)์€ ์ด์ƒ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค.

 

“์™•์˜ ์ •์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์„ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค”, ๊น€์œก.

 

1638๋…„(์ธ์กฐ 16๋…„)๊ณผ 1649๋…„(ํšจ์ข… ์›๋…„) ๊น€์œก์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ•์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

“๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์ด ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์—ฐํ›„์—์•ผ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค”. ๊น€์œก.

 

๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ•์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋‹น์ธ ์„œ์ธ์€ ๋ถ„๋‹น์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค.

 

์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์ด๋Š” ๊น€์œก์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜๋‹น ํ•œ๋‹นๆผข้ปจ์ด๋‹ค.

 

๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Š” ์†ก์‹œ์—ด์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹น ์‚ฐ๋‹นๅฑฑ้ปจ์ด๋‹ค.

 

1651๋…„(ํšจ์ข… 2๋…„) ๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ•์€ ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋„๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.

 

์ด์œจ๊ณก์˜ ์ œ์ž ์†ก์‹œ์—ด์€ ๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ•์ด ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์ œ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

1658๋…„(ํšจ์ข… 9๋…„) ์ „๋ผ๋„, 1666๋…„(ํ˜„์ข… 6๋…„) ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋„, 1667๋…„(ํ˜„์ข… 7๋…„) ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋„๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.

 

1708๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 34๋…„) ํ™ฉํ•ด๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

1608๋…„(๊ด‘ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์›๋…„)์ดํ›„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 100๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค.

 

๊น€์œก์€ ์กฐ์„  ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค.

 

์กฐ์„  ๋‹น์Ÿ์‚ฌ, ๅคขๅนป้œฒๅฝฑๆณก้›ป.

 

1392. ์กฐ์„  ๊ฐœ๊ตญ.

 

์—ญ์„ฑํ˜๋ช…ํŒŒ์™€ ์˜จ๊ฑด๊ฐœํ˜ํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ.

 

์ •๋„์ „, ํ•˜๋ฅœ, ์กฐ์ค€ ๋“ฑ ํ˜๋ช…์„ธ๋ ฅ(ๅ‹) ↔ ์ •๋ชฝ์ฃผ, ๊ธธ์žฌ, ์ด์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ ์‹ ์ง„์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€.

 

1398(์ •์ข… ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„). 1์ฐจ ์™•์ž์˜ ๋‚œ

 

1400(ํƒœ์ข… ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„). 2์ฐจ ์™•์ž์˜ ๋‚œ.

 

ํ•˜๋ฅœ ๋“ฑ ์ด๋ฐฉ์› ์ง€์ง€์„ธ๋ ฅ(ๅ‹) ↔ ์ •๋„์ „ ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ.

 

1453(๋‹จ์ข… 1๋…„).๊ณ„์œ ์ •๋‚œ.

 

ํ•œ๋ช…ํšŒ, ๊ถŒ๋žŒ, ์ •์ธ์ง€, ์–‘์ • ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ ์ง€์ง€ํŒŒ(ๅ‹) ↔ ๊น€์ข…์„œ, ํ™ฉ๋ณด์ธ ๋“ฑ ๋‹จ์ข… ์ง€์ง€ํŒŒ.

 

1495(์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ 4๋…„). ๋ฌด์˜ค์‚ฌํ™”, ๊น€์ข…์ง์˜ ์กฐ์˜์ œ๋ฌธ.

 

์ด๊ทน๋ˆ,์œ ์ž๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ ํ›ˆ๊ตฌํŒŒ(ๅ‹) ↔ ๊น€์ผ์†,๊ถŒ๊ฒฝ์œ  ๋“ฑ ์‹ ์ง„์‚ฌ๋ฆผ์„ธ๋ ฅ.

 

1504(์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ 10๋…„). ๊ฐ‘์ž์‚ฌํ™”, ํ๋น„ ์œค์”จ์˜ ๋ณต์œ„๋ฌธ์ œ.

 

์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ถ์ค‘์„ธ๋ ฅ (ๅ‹) ↔ ์œค์”จ์˜ ํ๋น„ ์ฐฌ์„ฑํŒŒ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฆผํŒŒ.

 

1506(์ค‘์ข… ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„). ์ค‘์ข…๋ฐ˜์ •.

 

๋ฐ•์›์ข…, ์„ฑํฌ์•ˆ ๋“ฑ ์ง„์„ฑ๋Œ€๊ตฐ(์ค‘์ข…) ์ง€์ง€ํŒŒ(ๅ‹) ↔ ์ž„์‚ฌํ™, ์‹ ์ˆ˜๊ทผ ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ ์ง€์ง€ํŒŒ.

 

1519(์ค‘์ข… 14๋…„). ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ™”, ์œ„ํ›ˆ์‚ญ์ œ์‚ฌ๊ฑด.

 

์‹ฌ์ •,๋‚จ๊ณค,ํ™๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ ํ›ˆ๊ตฌํŒŒ(ๅ‹) ↔ ์กฐ๊ด‘์กฐ ๋“ฑ ์‹ ์ง„์‚ฌ๋ฆผ ์„ธ๋ ฅ.

 

1545(๋ช…์ข… ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„). ์„์‚ฌ์‚ฌํ™”, ์†Œ์œค๊ณผ ๋Œ€์œค์˜ ์™•์œ„๊ณ„์Šน ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ.

 

๋ช…์ข…์˜ ์™ธ์ฒ™ ์œค์›ํ˜• ์ผํŒŒ์˜ ์†Œ์œค(ๅ‹) ↔ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ์™ธ์ฒ™ ์œค์ž„ ์ผํŒŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์œค.

 

1558(๋ช…์ข… 13๋…„). ์กฐ์„  ์ง€์„ฑ์‚ฌ ์–‘๋Œ€๋…ผ์Ÿ, ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์น ์ •๋ก .

 

1558๋…„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธ‰์ œํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ด‰(ๅฃฌ่พฐ:1527-1572) ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์Šน(32์„ธ)์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋‚ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ž ํ‡ด๊ณ„ ์ดํ™ฉ(58์„ธ)์„ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ‡ด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๋งŒ ์ •์ง€์šด์˜ <์ฒœ๋ช…๋„(ๅคฉๅ‘ฝๅœ–)>๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์ž ๊ณ ๋ด‰์€ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์น ์ • ๋…ผ๋ณ€์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ด‰์€ '์‚ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น ์ •์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค'๋Š” ํ‡ด๊ณ„์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์น ์ • ์•ˆ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ '์‚ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น ์ •์€ ๋™์‹ค์ด๋ช…(ๅŒๅฏฆ็•ฐๅ)์ด๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฐ•์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‡ด๊ณ„๋Š” '์‚ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ•จ์— ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์น ์ •์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ•จ์— ์ด๊ฐ€ ํƒ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค'๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ •์„ค์„ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ, ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ • '์ธก์€·์ˆ˜์˜ค·์‚ฌ์–‘·์‹œ๋น„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ'์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ˆœ์„ (็ด”ๅ–„)ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•…์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์น ์ •์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ ํƒ€๋‹ˆ, ์ ˆ๋„์— ๋งž์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ์•…์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. 8๋…„์˜ ์„ธ์›”์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ณ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ด‰์€ ์ธ์Šต์„ ๋–จ์นœ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์™€ ์žฌ์งˆ๋กœ ์ฐฌํƒ„์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ํ‡ด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ธ์Šต์— ๊ฐœ์˜์น˜ ์•Š์€ ํ•™๋•์œผ๋กœ ์นญ์†ก์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.

 

 

1575(์„ ์กฐ 8๋…„). ์„ํ•ด๋‹น๋ก (้ปจ่ซ–).์ด์กฐ์ •๋ž‘ ์ž„๋ช…๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ—ˆ์—ฝ ํƒ„ํ•ต๋ฌธ์ œ.

 

๋ฐ•์ˆœ, ๊น€๊ณ„ํœ˜, ์ •์ฒ  ๋“ฑ ์‹ฌ์˜๊ฒธ ์ง€์ง€์„ธ๋ ฅ(์„œ์ธ) ↔ ๊น€์šฐ์›, ์œ ์„ฑ๋ฃก, ํ—ˆ์—ฝ, ์ด์‚ฐํ•ด ๋“ฑ ๊น€ํšจ์› ์ง€์ง€์„ธ๋ ฅ(๋™์ธ).

 

1589(์„ ์กฐ 22๋…„:๊ธฐ์ถ•์˜ฅ์‚ฌ), ์„œ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ•์ •์—ฌ๋ฆฝ ์—ญ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๊ฑด.

 

1591(์„ ์กฐ 24๋…„) ๋™์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ•๋ถ์ธๅฐ๋‚จ์ธ ๋ถ„์—ด.

 

์„ธ์ž ์ฑ…๋ด‰ ๊ฑด์ €•์ •์ฒ  ํƒ„ํ•ต.

 

1592(์„ ์กฐ 25๋…„), ๋ถ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ•์˜๋ณ‘์žฅ๋“ค.

 

1599(์„ ์กฐ 32๋…„), ๋Œ€๋ถๅฐ์†Œ๋ถ•๊ด‘ํ•ดๅฐ์˜์ฐฝ๊ตฐ.

 

1608(๊ด‘ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„), ๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ• 100๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ์ž‘.

 

- ๋ฐฉ๋‚ฉ•ํ˜„๋Œ€ํŒ ์ •๊ฒฝ์œ ์ฐฉ.

 

- ๊ตฐํ˜„๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ€๊ณผ•์กฑ์ง••์ธ์ง••์—ฐ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ž„ ํํ•ด.

 

- ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ฒซ ์‹œํ–‰

 

- ๋Œ€๊ณต์ˆ˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ••ํ† ์ง€๊ฒฐ์ˆ˜•ํ† ์ง€์ดˆ๊ณผ์ด๋“์„ธ.

 

- ๋ฐฉ๋‚ฉ์—…์ž์™€ ์–‘๋ฐ˜์ง€์ฃผ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€.

 

ํ˜„๋ฌผ ๋Œ€์‹  ์Œ€(๋Œ€๋™๋ฏธ).

 

๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„(๊ด‘ํ•ด๊ตฐ), ๊ฐ•์›๋„(์ธ์กฐ), ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋„· ์ „๋ผ๋„(ํšจ์ข…·๊น€์œก), ์ „๊ตญ(์ˆ™์ข…).

 

๊ณต์ธ ๋“ฑ์žฅ.

 

์ƒ๊ณต์˜ ์ „์„ธํ™”.

 

์กฐ์„  ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ค‘ ์ „์„ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฐ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ๊ณต๋‚ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์กฐ์„ธ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ํ”ผ๋•€์„ ๊ฐ‰์•„๋จน๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํŠน์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์—†์ด ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณต๋‚ฉ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ž๋‚˜ ๋นˆ์ž๋‚˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต๋ฌผ์„ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐํ˜„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ† ์ง€ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—๋„ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€์ž ์กฑ์ง•(์นœ์กฑ ์ง•์ˆ˜)๊ณผ ์ธ์ง•(์ด์›ƒ ์ง•์ˆ˜), ํ˜ธํŒจ๋ฒ•, ์˜ค๊ฐ€์ž‘ํ†ต๋ฒ•์ด ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

๊น€์‹(์กฐ๊ด‘์กฐ์˜ ๋™์ง€)์˜ 4๋Œ€์† ๊น€ํฅ์šฐ์˜ ๋ง์•„๋“ค์ธ ๊น€์œก(์„œ์ธ·ํ•œ๋‹น ์†Œ์ˆ˜๋‹น)์€ ํ˜์‹ ์  ์ด์ƒ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€ ๋ฉด์ (๊ฒฐ์ˆ˜)์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊น€์ง‘(์„œ์ธ·์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹น)๊ณผ ์†ก์‹œ์—ด์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์„ ๋‘์— ์„ ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌ ๋์— ํšจ์ข…2๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณก์ฐฝ์ง€๋Œ€์ธ ์ „๋ผ๋„์— ํ™•๋Œ€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊น€์œก์€ ์กฐ์„  ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค.

 

์‚ฐ๋‹น(๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ• ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€). ๊น€์ตํฌ, ์ด์œ ํƒœ, ์†ก์ค€๊ธธ, ์†ก์‹œ์—ด, ๊น€์ง‘ ↔ ๊น€์œก, ์กฐ์ต, ์ด์‹œ๋ฐฑ, ์‹ ๋ฉด. ํ•œ๋‹น(๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ• ์ฐฌ์„ฑ).โ€‹

 

๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณผ์ „๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ณต์ธ(์ •๋ถ€๋ฌผ์ž ๋‚ฉํ’ˆ์—…์ž)์€ ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ธ์€ ๋‚ฉํ’ˆํ•  ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์„ ๋ถˆ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋Œ€์ œ(์ƒ์—…์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์›์ดˆ์  ๋ชจ์Šต)๋กœ ์ˆ˜๊ณต์—…์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

1623(์ธ์กฐ๋ฐ˜์ •), ๋…ธ๋ก  ์ •๊ถŒ 300๋…„ ์‹œ์ž‘,

 

1651(ํšจ์ข… 2๋…„). ์นœ์ฒญํŒŒ์ธ ๊น€์ž์ ์€ ์†ก์‹œ์—ด์ด ์ €์ˆ ํ•œ <์žฅ๋ฆ‰์ง€๋ฌธ>์— ์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ผ ์—ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฒญ์— ๋ฐ€๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ๋ฒŒ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ฒญ์— ๊ณ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค๊ตญ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ๋ฉธ๋ฌธ์ง€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•จ.

 

1659(ํ˜„์ข… ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„:๊ธฐํ•ด์˜ˆ์†ก)•์„œ์ธ ์Šน๋ฆฌ•1์ฐจ ์˜ˆ์†ก ๋…ผ์Ÿ.

 

1670-71(ํ˜„์ข…10-11๋…„), ๊ฒฝ์‹ (ๅบš่พ›) ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ทผ 140๋งŒ๋ช… ์‚ฌ๋ง.

 

1674(ํ˜„์ข… 14๋…„:๊ฐ‘์ธ์˜ˆ์†ก), ๋‚จ์ธ ์Šน๋ฆฌ•์ฒญ๋‚จๅฐํƒ๋‚จ.

 

2์ฐจ ์˜ˆ์†ก ๋…ผ์Ÿ.

 

1675(์ˆ™์ข…1๋…„). 125๋…„ ์ง„๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘(-1800).

 

์œจ๊ณก ์ด์ด(ไธๆœช:1536-1584)์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ก ์  ์ด๊ธฐ์ผ์›๋ก ์€ ์กฐ์„  ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ํ† ์ฐฉํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ฑ์ •์€ ๊ธฐ(ๆฐฃ)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด(๏งค)๋Š” ๊ธฐ์— ํŽธ์Šนํ•  ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญํ•œ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์–‘์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์„  ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค

 

1680(์ˆ™์ข… 6๋…„:๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ™˜๊ตญ), ๋…ธ๋ก (์„œ์ธ) ์ •๊ถŒ.

 

๋…ธ๋ก ๅฐ์†Œ๋ก  ๋ถ„์—ด.

 

1682(์ˆ™์ข…8), ์ž„์ˆ ๊ณ ๋ณ€.

 

1689(์ˆ™์ข… 15๋…„:๊ธฐ์‚ฌํ™˜๊ตญ), ๋‚จ์ธ์ •๊ถŒ•์žฅํฌ๋นˆ ์™•ํ›„.

 

1694(์ˆ™์ข… 20๋…„:๊ฐ‘์ˆ ํ™˜๊ตญ), ์†Œ๋ก (์„œ์ธ) ์ •๊ถŒ•์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„ ๋ณต๊ท€. 1788๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์ธ ๋งŒ๋…„ ์•ผ๋‹น ์‹œ์ž‘.

 

1695-96(์ˆ™์ข… 21-22๋…„), ์„๋ณ‘(ไน™ไธ™) ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ทผ 400๋งŒ๋ช… ์‚ฌ๋ง.

 

1699(์ˆ™์ข… 25๋…„), ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ 25๋งŒ 4,600๋ช… ์‚ฌ๋ง.โ€‹

 

1708(์ˆ™์ข… 34๋…„), ๋Œ€๋™๋ฒ• ์ „๊ตญ์‹ค์‹œ.

 

โ€‹1709(์ˆ™์ข… 35๋…„).

 

์กฐ์„  ์ง€์„ฑ์‚ฌ ์–‘๋Œ€๋…ผ์Ÿ, ํ˜ธ๋ฝ๋…ผ์Ÿ(ๆน–ๆด›๏ฅ็ˆญ).

 

์ถฉ์ฒญ๋„ ํ™์ฃผ(ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถฉ๋‚จ ๋ณด๋ น์‹œ)์˜ ํ•œ์‚ฐ์‚ฌ(ๅฏ’ๅฑฑๅฏบ).

 

๋…ธ๋ก ์˜ ์˜์ˆ˜ ์†ก์‹œ์—ด(1607∼1689)์˜ ๋งฅ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋…ธ๋ก  ๊ถŒ์ƒํ•˜(1641∼1721)์˜ ์ˆ˜์ œ์ž๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ.

 

์ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๋™๋ก  ↔ ํ•œ์›์ง„์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์ด๋ก .

 

๊น€์ฐฝํ˜‘·์ฐฝํก์˜ ์„œ์šธ๋…ธ๋ก ์ด ์ด๊ฐ„์— ๋™์กฐํ•˜์ž ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋…ธ๋ก ์€ ํ•œ์›์ง„์˜ ํŽธ์— ์„ ๋‹ค.

 

์กฐ์„  ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ํ™”ํ’์„ ์ด๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฒธ์žฌ ์ •์„ (1676-1759)์€ ๋ถ์ดŒ์— ํ„ฐ์ „์„ ๋‘” ์„œ์šธ ๋…ธ๋ก  ๊น€์ฐฝํ˜‘·์ฐฝํก์˜ ๋ฌธํ•˜์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์ง„๊ฒฝ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

100๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋‚™๋ก (๏ค•่ซ–:์„œ์šธ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ๋ก )์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๋™๋ก (ไบบ็‰ฉๆ€งๅŒ่ซ–)์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์ด๋ก (่ฏๅคท่ซ–:์ค‘ํ™”์ค‘์‹ฌ)์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ก  ์‹œํŒŒ์˜ ์ง„๊ฒฝ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ก (ๆน–่ซ–:์ถฉ์ฒญ ๋…ธ๋ก )์€ ๋…ธ๋ก  ๋ฒฝํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•œ ํ‹€์— ๊ฐ–ํžŒ๋‹ค.โ€‹

 

1716(์ˆ™์ข… 42๋…„:๋ณ‘์‹ ํ™˜๊ตญ), ๋…ธ๋ก (์„œ์ธ) ์ •๊ถŒ.

 

1720(๊ฒฝ์ข… ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„:์‹ ์ถ•ํ™˜๊ตญ), ์†Œ๋ก (์„œ์ธ) ์ •๊ถŒ.

 

1725(์˜์กฐ1๋…„:์„์‚ฌํ™˜๊ตญ), ๋…ธ๋ก (์„œ์ธ) ์ •๊ถŒ.

 

1727(์˜์กฐ 3๋…„:์ •๋ฏธํ™˜๊ตญ), ์†Œ๋ก (์„œ์ธ) ์ •๊ถŒ.

โ€‹

1728(์˜์กฐ 4๋…„), ์†Œ๋ก  ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํŒŒ ์ด์ธ์ขŒ์˜ ๋‚œ•ํƒ•ํ‰์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ.

 

1741(์˜์กฐ 17๋…„), ์ด์กฐ์ „๋ž‘ ํ†ต์ฒญ๊ถŒ ํ์ง€•๋ถ•๋‹น์ •์น˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด ์‹œ๋ฐœ์ .

 

1749(์˜์กฐ 25๋…„), ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ 44๋งŒ 3,000๋ช… ์‚ฌ๋ง.

 

1750(์˜์กฐ 26๋…„), ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ 25๋งŒ 3,578๋ช… ์‚ฌ๋ง.

 

1762(์˜์กฐ 38๋…„:์ž„์˜คํ™”๋ณ€), ์‚ฌ๋„์„ธ์ž•์‹œํŒŒๅฐ๋ฒฝํŒŒ ๋ถ„์—ด.โ€‹

 

1788(์ •์กฐ 13๋…„), ์‚ผ์ƒ์ฒด์ œ•ํƒ•ํ‰์ •์น˜•๋‚จ์ธ ์˜์ˆ˜ ์ฒด์ œ๊ณต ์šฐ์˜์ • ๋“ฑ์šฉ.

 

1791(์ •์กฐ 16๋…„), ์‹ ํ•ดํ†ต๊ณต•๊ธˆ๋ž€์ „๊ถŒํ์ง€•์ง„๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋Œ€.

 

1792(์ •์กฐ 17๋…„), ๋ฌธ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์ ••์„œํ•™๊ธˆ๋‹จ.

 

1793(์ •์กฐ 18๋…„), ๊ธˆ๋“ฑ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฌธ์„œ•๋…ธ๋ก  ๋ฒฝํŒŒ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์กฐ.

 

1794(์ •์กฐ 19๋…„), ์ˆ˜์›ํ™”์„ฑ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜.

 

1799(์ •์กฐ 24๋…„), <ํ™์ œ์ „์„œ> ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„.

 

1801(์ˆœ์กฐ 1๋…„), ์‹ ์œ ์‚ฌ์˜ฅ.

 

1802(์ˆœ์กฐ 2๋…„), ๋…ธ๋ก (๋ฒฝํŒŒ)•์ •์ˆœ์™•ํ›„(๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ๊น€์”จ).

 

1805(์ˆœ์กฐ 5๋…„), ๋…ธ๋ก (์‹œํŒŒ)•์•ˆ๋™๊น€์”จ(๊น€์กฐ์ˆœ) ์„ธ๋„์ •์น˜.

 

1820(์ˆœ์กฐ 20๋…„), ํฅ์„ ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ ์ถœ์ƒ(-1898).

 

์ˆœ์กฐ์™€ ์ˆœ์›์™•ํ›„(์•ˆ๋™ ๊น€์”จ).

 

ํšจ๋ช…์„ธ์ž์™€ ์‹ ์ •์™•ํ›„(ํ’์–‘ ์กฐ์”จ).

 

ํ—Œ์ข…(1834-1849)๊ณผ ํšจํ˜„์™•ํ›„(์•ˆ๋™ ๊น€์”จ).

 

์ฒ ์ข…(1849-1863:์ˆœ์›์™•ํ›„ ์–‘์ž)๊ณผ ์ฒ ์ธ์™•ํ›„(์•ˆ๋™ ๊น€์”จ).

 

๊ณ ์ข…(์‹ ์ •์™•ํ›„ ์–‘์ž).โ€‹

 

1864(๊ณ ์ข… 1๋…„), ํฅ์„ ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ•ํ•จ์œ ์ •์น˜.

 

1866. ๋ณ‘์ธ์–‘์š”(๋กœ์ฆˆ ์ œ๋…). ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์„ฑ(ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ทผ)·์ •์กฑ์‚ฐ์„ฑ(์–‘ํ—Œ์ˆ˜). ์ œ๋„ˆ๋Ÿด ์…”๋จผํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(ํ‰์–‘).

 

1868(๊ณ ์ข… 5๋…„). ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€์œ ์‹ .

 

ํฅ์„ ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ์€ ์ •๋งŒ์ธ๊ณผ ๊น€์ขŒ๊ทผ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋•์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์•ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ช…๋‹นํ„ฐ์— ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ด๊ตฌ(๋‚จ์—ฐ๊ตฐ)์˜ ๋ฌ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

์˜คํŽ˜๋ฅดํŠธ ๋„๊ตด์‚ฌ๊ฑด(๋‚จ์—ฐ๊ตฐ ๋ฌ˜์˜ ์ •๊ธฐ ํ›ผ์†: ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ).

 

๋‚จ์—ฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฌ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€ ํ’์ˆ˜์ง€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋งŒ์ธ์€ ๊ด€์ƒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์ƒ์˜์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณ์„ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค.

 

ํฅ์„ ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ 2๋Œ€ ์ฒœ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚  ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋‚˜ ์ฒœํ•˜ ์ œ์ผ์˜ ๋ช…๋‹นํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ˆจ๊ธด๋‹ค.

 

1871(๊ณ ์ข… 8๋…„), ๋ณด๋•์‚ฌ ์ฐฝ๊ฑด(ํฅ์„ ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์•ผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉํ™”์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ณด์ƒ).

 

์‹ ๋ฏธ์–‘์š”(๋กœ์ €์Šค ์ œ๋…:๊ฐ•ํ™”๋„ ๊ด‘์„ฑ๋ณด ์ „ํˆฌ ์–ด์žฌ์—ฐ).

 

1873(๊ณ ์ข… 10๋…„), ์—ฌํฅ๋ฏผ์”จ ์ง‘๊ถŒ.

 

๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐฝ๋•๊ถ ์ „์šฉ๋ฌธ ํ์‡„(ไธ‹้‡Ž).

 

1875. ์œค์š”ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด.

 

1876. ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋„์กฐ์•ฝ.

 

1880. ํ†ต๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฌด์•„๋ฌธ(12์‚ฌ).

 

1882(๊ณ ์ข… 19๋…„), ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ ์ง‘๊ถŒ•์ž„์˜ค๊ตฐ๋ž€(33์ผ:๊ฒฝ์ œ์นจํƒˆ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”).

 

์ œ๋ฌผํฌ์กฐ์•ฝ.

 

ํ™ฉ์ญŒ์…ด์˜ <์กฐ์„ ์ฑ…๋žต>, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นœ์ค‘·๊ฒฐ์ผ·์—ฐ๋ฏธ ์ฃผ์žฅ.

 

์กฐ·๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ ํ†ต์ƒ์กฐ์•ฝ(์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์กฐ์•ฝ).

 

์˜๊ตญ(1883)·๋…์ผ(1833)·๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„(1884)·ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค(1886).

 

๊ธ‰์ง„ ๊ฐœํ™”ํŒŒ(์ฒญ์˜ ์–‘๋ฌด ์šด๋™), ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ·๋ฐ•์˜ํšจ·ํ™์˜์‹·์„œ๊ด‘๋ฒ”(๋™๋„์„œ๊ธฐ๋ก ).

 

์˜จ๊ฑด ๊ฐœํ™”ํŒŒ,(์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์œ ์‹ ) ๊น€์œค์‹·๊น€ํ™์ง‘·์–ด์œค์ค‘(๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ฐœํ™”๋ก ).โ€‹โ€‹

 

1882(๊ณ ์ข… 19๋…„), ์—ฌํฅ๋ฏผ์”จ ์ง‘๊ถŒ•๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ ์œ ํ.

 

1884. ๊ฐ‘์‹ ์ •๋ณ€(3์ผ ์ฒœํ•˜).

 

1885. ํ…์ง„์กฐ์•ฝ(์ฒญ·์ผ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ).

 

1892. ๊ณต์ฃผ·์‚ผ๋ก€ ์ง‘ํšŒ(๊ต์กฐ ์‹ ์›๊ณผ ํฌ๊ต์˜ ์ž์œ  ์š”๊ตฌ).

 

1893. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ƒ์†Œ(๊ด‘ํ™”๋ฌธ)·๋ณด์€ ์ง‘ํšŒ.โ€‹

 

1894(๊ณ ์ข… 31๋…„), ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ ์ง‘๊ถŒ•๊ฐ‘์˜ค๊ฒฝ์žฅ(122์ผ:์‹ ๋ถ„์ œ ์ฒ ํ).

 

โ€‹

 

1์›”. ๊ณ ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๋ž€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ(๊ณ ๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๋ณ‘๊ฐ‘์˜ ํƒํ•™:์ „๋ด‰์ค€). 3์›”. ๋™ํ•™ ๋†๋ฏผ๊ตฐ 1์ฐจ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ.

 

4์›”. ํ™ฉํ† ํ˜„ ์ „ํˆฌ(์ „๋ด‰์ค€)·์ „์ฃผ์„ฑ ์ ๋ น. 5์›”. ์ „์ฃผํ™”์•ฝ(์ง‘๊ฐ•์†Œ ์„ค์น˜).

 

6์›” 23์ผ. ์ฒญ· ์ผ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ(ํ’๋„ํ•ด์ „).

 

6์›” 25์ผ. 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ‘์˜ค๊ฐœํ˜(๊น€ํ™์ง‘ ๋‚ด๊ฐ:๊ตฐ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๋ฌด์ฒ˜).

 

8์›” ํ‰์–‘์„ฑ ์ „ํˆฌ(์ผ๋ณธ ์ฒญ ์ถ•์ถœ). 9์›”. ๋™ํ•™ ๋†๋ฏผ๊ตฐ 2์ฐจ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ.

 

11์›” 12์ผ. ์šฐ๊ธˆ์น˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ.

 

11์›” 21์ผ. 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ‘์˜ค๊ฐœํ˜(๊น€ํ™์ง‘·๋ฐ•์˜ํšจ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ๋‚ด๊ฐ).โ€‹

 

1894(๊ณ ์ข… 31๋…„), ์—ฌํฅ๋ฏผ์”จ ์ง‘๊ถŒ•์นœ๋Ÿฌ์ •์ฑ….

 

1895(๊ณ ์ข… 32๋…„), ๋ช…์„ฑํ™ฉํ›„ ์‹œํ•ด(์„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ณ€).

 

4์›” 17์ผ. ์‹œ๋ชจ๋…ธ์„ธํ‚ค ์กฐ์•ฝ. 4์›” 23์ผ. ์‚ผ๊ตญ๊ฐ„์„ญ.

 

8์›” 20์ผ. ์„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ณ€→์„๋ฏธ๊ฐœํ˜(3์ฐจ ๊ฐœํ˜:๋‹จ๋ฐœ๋ น์‹ค์‹œ·ํƒœ์–‘๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ·์ข…๋‘๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰).

 

1896(๊ณ ์ข… 33๋…„), ์—ด๊ฐ•์˜ ์•ฝ์œก๊ฐ•์‹ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ž‘( - 1910).

 

1896. 2์›” 11์ผ. ์•„๊ด€ํŒŒ์ฒœ(์—ด๊ฐ•์˜ ์ด๊ถŒ ์นจํƒˆ). 7์›”. ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜‘ํšŒ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ.โ€‹

 

1897. ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ œ๊ตญ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ.

 

1902. 2์›”. ์ œ1์ฐจ ์˜·์ผ ๋™๋งน.โ€‹

 

์กฐ์„ ์€ ๋‹น์Ÿ์ง„์˜๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ค‘ํ™”์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜, ์‚ฌ๋†๊ณต์ƒ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฃผ์˜์— ์–ฝํ˜€ ๋ง๊ตญ์„ ์ž์ดˆํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€‹

 

1904.2์›”. ๋Ÿฌ·์ผ ์ „์Ÿ(ํ•œ์ผ์˜์ •์„œ:์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ† ์ง€·๊ธˆ์œต·์žฌ์ • ์นจํƒˆ).

 

8์›”. ์ œ1์ฐจ ํ•œ·์ผ ํ˜‘์•ฝ(์™ธ๊ต·์žฌ์ • ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ),

 

1905. 7์›”. ํƒœํ”„ํŠธ·์นด์“ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ€์•ฝ. 8์›”. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์˜·์ผ ๋™๋งน. 9์›”. ํฌ์ธ ๋จธ์Šค ๊ฐ•ํ™”์กฐ์•ฝ.

 

11์›”. ์ œ2์ฐจ ํ•œ·์ผ ํ˜‘์•ฝ(์„์‚ฌ์กฐ์•ฝ:์™ธ๊ต๊ถŒ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ·ํ†ต๊ฐ๋ถ€ ์„ค์น˜).

 

1906. ์„œ์ „์„œ์ˆ™(์ด์ƒ์„ค).

 

1907. ๊ณ ์ข… ๊ฐ•์ œ ํ‡ด์œ„(ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ ๋ฐ€์‚ฌํŒŒ๊ฒฌ). ์‹ ๋ฏผํšŒ(์•ˆ์ฐฝํ˜ธ·์–‘๊ธฐํƒ)

 

ํ•œ·์ผ ์‹ ํ˜‘์•ฝ(์ •๋ฏธ7์กฐ์•ฝ:์ฐจ๊ด€ ์ •์น˜·๊ตฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด์‚ฐ).

 

1909. 7์›”. ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ฐ์„œ(์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ถŒ·๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ). ๊ฐ„๋„ํ˜‘์•ฝ.

 

10์›” 26์ผ. ์•ˆ์ค‘๊ทผ, ์ด๋“ฑ๋ฐ•๋ฌธ ์ €๊ฒฉ.

 

ๆ—ฅๅธๆ™‚ไปฃ(A.D1910 - 1945).

 

 

 

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